青少年前交叉韧带损伤特点及治疗选择的研究进展

2022-11-22    点击量:253 我要说

来源:复旦学报(医学版)

作者:陈礼阳,易诚青,刘丙立

【摘要】青少年前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)损伤的发生率明显高于成年人,因其骨骺的闭合程度不同,治疗方案也有所不同。目前认为早期手术对于青少年 ACL 是积极有效的治疗方法,根据骨骺闭合情况有多种手术方式可选择,包括完全穿骺板技术、部分穿骺板技术(混合损伤)、全骨骺内技术和纯骺外技术。青少年ACL损伤应采用个体化治疗,选择一种对患者发育影响最小且有效的治疗方案。通过查阅国内外相关文献,本文总结分析了青少年ACL损伤的特点及治疗方法的选择。

【关键词】青少年;前交叉韧带(ACL);手术;损伤;重建;骨骺闭合

青少年运动损伤中前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)损伤占有较大比例。青少年ACL损伤的特点与成人不同,因其骨骺的闭合程度不同,治疗方案也有所不同。本文对近年来国内外青少年ACL损伤的基础、临床、影像学研究及相关综述进行总结,从流行病学、病因学、治疗选择、并发症、手术技巧及术式选择等方面对青少年ACL损伤进行综述。

ACL损伤的流行病学数据

随着体育项目的发展和推广,青少年运动损伤越来越常见,其中ACL损伤占比较大。青少年ACL损伤的发生率明显高于成年人[1]。ACL损伤多为间接暴力所致,其中至少70%为非接触性损伤。ACL损伤在女性青少年足球运动员中常见,受伤风险比男性高2~3倍[2-3]。统计受伤年龄及性别发现,12~13岁女性和14~15岁男性的ACL损伤发生率明显增加[4]。高中女生发生ACL损伤的概率是男生的2.5~6.2倍[5-6],而高中及以下青少年的ACL损伤率低于大学生。在ACL重建术后的患者中,ACL再损伤的发生率明显增加,特别是ACL重建的运动员再损伤概率较正常人高15倍[7]

青少年ACL损伤的原因及特点

由于青少年胫骨近端骨骺尚未融合,结构比较松软,ACL与胫骨髁间棘软骨膜直接相连,当ACL受暴力损伤时可产生胫骨附着点的撕脱骨折,并伴有侧副韧带或半月板损伤[8]。青春期女性由于膝关节周围骨骼明显增长,而下肢肌肉力量及协调性并未与上半身体重同步增长,因此女性在生长高峰期ACL损伤的发生率比同期男性更高[9]。体重指数也是影响ACL损伤的重要因素[10]。BMI大于平均标准体重的1个标准差时,ACL损伤的发生率增加3.2~3.5倍[11]。在8岁以上的女性足球运动员中,BMI是ACL损伤的易感因素[12]。多关节松弛症是ACL损伤的因素之一。膝关节前后松弛的人群中,ACL易感损伤的概率是正常人的3倍[13]。股四头肌及腘绳肌的力量会影响ACL损伤的发生。体内研究发现,当这些肌肉收缩时,膝关节的稳定性增加50%~75%,而力量减弱则会增加ACL损伤的概率[14]。女性优势腿ACL损伤的概率更高,可能是由于优势腿的使用频率更高[15]。髁间窝狭窄也被认为是ACL损伤的易感因素之一[16],但也有文献未得出这一结果[17]。距下关节过度内旋与ACL非接触性损伤有关,可能是由于距下关节过度内旋使胫骨相对股骨前移致使ACL损伤;骨盆的倾斜、胫骨平台后倾、股骨的前倾及增大的Q角等解剖因素均与ACL损伤相关[18-21]。遗传及激素水平也是值得考虑的因素[22-23]

治疗ACL损伤的选择

ACL损伤的青少年患者需要充分考虑其骨骼成熟度、生理年龄、ACL损伤程度等因素,采取个体化治疗。对于轻度ACL损伤可选择保守治疗,主要包括早期制动、肌肉加强练习及支具固定等对症治疗。研究显示,肌力练习结合支具固定可减小膝关节70%~85%的前向不稳,但支具固定会减缓腘绳肌的反应时间,也会影响膝关节伸直的最后5°[24]。非手术治疗常会出现明显的后遗症或并发症,可致部分患者不能正常参加运动。发生ACL损伤的青少年人群中超过50%存在半月板损伤[25-26]。延误手术治疗使不可修复的半月板及关节软骨损伤的发生率高达39%[27-30]。Grassi等[25]建议在3个月内进行手术治疗,以减少同时发生半月板损伤的风险,从而最大限度提高ACL修复机会。最新的Mate分析显示,儿童和青少年ACL重建推迟超过12周时半月板损伤的风险提高4.3倍,不可修复的半月板损伤风险增加3.2倍[31]。Anderson等[32]报道,手术推迟3个月则内、外侧半月板损伤的概率分别增加2.2和3.5倍。Lawrence等[33]报道,手术推迟3个月则内、外侧关节软骨损伤的概率分别增加5.6和11.3倍。

青少年ACL损伤后的重建率明显高于成人[34]。青少年的ACL重建更倾向于早期,而非延迟或非手术治疗,早期手术治疗可明显改善膝关节的稳定性,并具有更高的运动恢复率[35]。ACL重建术后青少年恢复运动的概率明显高于成年人,且在任何运动水平上都超过90%[36]

ACL重建术的手术方式主要有完全穿骺板技术、部分穿骺板技术(混合技术)、全骨骺内技术和纯骺外技术[37-38]。完全穿骺板技术和成人的交叉韧带重建技术相似,主要区别在于适当减小骨隧道直径,尽量增大骨隧道与骺板的角度,肌腱固定物及骨块避开骺板平面,干骺端放置固定物[39]。李强强等[40]采用完全经骺板建立骨隧道对10例13~14岁青少年ACL进行重建,术后均未出现韧带再损伤且骺板未发生阻滞现象。由此认为,采用完全经骺板自体半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建ACL不影响青少年下肢骨骼发育,可获得基本满意的关节功能。术中应尽量减少对骺板的损伤,钻取骨隧道时注意转速以避免热损伤,为防止发生膝反张,应尽量避开胫骨结节位置,利用全肌腱作为移植物,固定时避开骺板结构,如采用悬吊技术及拴桩技术,应用此技术仅有少量患者会出现下肢长度不等及力线成角的问题[41-42]。部分穿骺板技术:一般是保护股骨远端骨骺,穿过胫骨近端骨骺,其理论依据在于股骨远端骺板对下肢力线及长度影响更大;另外,股骨骨隧道一般更接近骺板周缘,而且胫骨近端骺板闭合要早于股骨远端骺板,此项技术的大数据结果报道尚不多见。赵俊旭等[43]利用部分经骺板技术对16例10~15岁青少年进行ACL重建,术后随访显示所有患者膝关节活动良好,未发生骺板阻滞现象。采用全骺内技术重建需在C臂机透视下进行操作建立骨隧道。首先,建立股骨骨隧道,透视下自外向内,钻入导针,以确保导针在股骨骨骺远侧,出口位于Blumensaat线的后1/4,镜下用导向器瞄准使骨隧道口位于ACL足印中心,经导针采用倒打钻技术钻取股骨骨隧道,同样在透视下建立胫骨骨隧道,确保骨隧道位于胫骨近侧骺板,避免损伤骺板。这项技术最早被Anderson等[44]报道可用于初次重建或韧带翻修,术中钻取骨隧道时尽量减少骨骺骨组织的丢失,另一组12例接受手术的患者(平均13.3岁)随访4.1年后,未见下肢长度不等及成角畸形的出现。手术并发症主要是重建韧带的断裂[45],即使在透视监测下钻取骨隧道,胫骨近侧骨骺长度仅19~21mm[46],骺板损伤的概率仍然较大(胫骨侧10/15,股骨侧1/23),短期随访未见生长的异常[45]。对于Tanner1~2期、女孩<11岁、男孩<12岁的患者推荐使用纯骺外技术。该术式的特点是保留髂胫束远端的胫骨止点,取部分宽度的髂胫束远端纤维(一般取中间部分),使其长度足够绕过股骨外侧髁进入髁间窝,并从内侧半月板前角止点下方胫骨侧再次穿出膝关节。术中将分离的髂胫束纤维向内上越过股骨外上髁,经过髁间窝顶点进入膝关节内的髁间窝,将髂胫束纤维与股骨外上髁处的骨膜缝合在一起,进入关节内髁间窝中的髂胫束向下、向前走行,穿过内侧半月板前角止点的韧带样结构(实际为内侧半月板前角在胫骨前内缘上的韧带样止点)下方。将穿出膝关节髂胫束末端部分缝合固定于该处的胫骨前内侧骨膜上,随访9.8年,61.9%的患者(52/84)Lysholm评分很高,但54%的患者相比受伤前运动能力有所下降[47]。动物实验研究表明,尽管将韧带固定在了干骺端,但是随着时间进展,韧带止点会逐渐转移到一个新的非解剖位置[48]。Bigoni等[49]报道可用锚钉缝合技术修复断裂的ACL,但指征比较局限,包括MRI和临床检查证实为ACL近端损伤;Tanner1~2期;关节镜术中证实韧带组织治疗较好,仅近端断裂。术中在上止点位置植入锚钉,将损伤的ACL近端缝合并再固定于上止点位置,5例患者接受手术,平均年龄9.2岁,平均随访时间43.4个月,均取得良好的效果。

青少年ACL损伤的手术治疗可根据Tanner分期(表1)选择不同术式[50-51]。Tanner1~2期(相当于女孩<11岁和男孩<12岁)通常推荐用自体髂胫束进行关节内、外保护骺板的重建。Tanner3~4期(相当于女孩12~14岁和男孩13~16岁)选择用自体腘绳肌腱穿骺板技术重建,但主要直径不能太大(7~8mm),骨隧道尽量靠近骺板中间并垂直于骺板,而且干骺端固定注意避开骺板。Tanner5期(男>16岁和女>14岁)则可以用和成人一样的解剖重建方法。

手术治疗的常见并发症及再断裂率

青少年ACL重建术后韧带发生过度松弛,参与高水平运动会有一定的挑战。ACL重建失败在青少年患者中是一个重要问题[52-53]。青少年ACL重建与成人ACL重建的区别主要是骺板尚未闭合和骨骼未发育成熟,术中可能会损伤或刺激骺板,进而影响生长导致后期的发育异常,最常见的有下肢不等长及下肢力线异常[54]。其中下肢不等长包括下肢过度增长和生长阻滞,无论是保骺板技术治疗还是穿骺板技术治疗,都可能导致下肢增长,分析原因主要为:(1)钻取骨隧道时对生长板周缘骨膜的刺激;(2)骨隧道临近骺板受刺激,致使骺板部血运增加,骺板增长过度;(3)骨隧道直接穿过骺板同样可刺激骺板血运增加而加速其增长。Collins等[55]查阅21篇文献共313例患者,其中29例发生下肢不等长,18例为下肢增长,平均增长13mm,50%下肢增长患者接受的是保骺板治疗(9例保骺板,8例穿骺板,1例技术不明确),而11例下肢缩短的患者接受的都是穿骺板技术治疗(其中7例为同时穿股骨骺板及胫骨骺板)。下肢缩短的主要原因为骨块或移植物阻滞了生长板发育。固定肌腱装置的位置也与下肢不等长的发生有关。研究报道,靠近关节线位置固定不等长发生率为3.2%(2/62),远离关节线固定不等长的发生率为1.4%(8/591)[56]。成角畸形是ACL重建术后值得关注的另一个重要问题。Collins等[55]报道的313例患者中共发生成角畸形16例(16/313),其中外翻13例(平均6.5°),内翻3例(平均8°)。该研究显示不同的技术均有发生成角畸形的概率,发生成角畸形的16例患者中有包括8例股骨穿骺技术(50%)、3例髂胫束保骺技术(19%)、3例关节外技术(19%)和2例全骺内技术(13%)。同时还有膝反张的出现,分析原因主要为:(1)胫骨骨隧道位置过于靠近胫骨结节,骨隧道穿过骺板的前部位置;(2)临近骺板切线位钻取骨隧道时的转速过快,导致骺板热损伤;(3)保骺板技术时移植物的远端固定装置放置在骺板位置,导致骺板前部阻滞。


ACL重建后再损伤也是一个值得考虑的因素,目前ACL重建术后总体再损伤率为15%,其中同侧为7%,对侧为8%[36,57-59]。年龄<25岁的患者ACL重建术后再损伤率为21%,重返运动场的运动员再损伤率为20%,而<25岁的运动员再损伤率为23%[60]。多种因素可影响再断裂率,保留骺板技术和穿骺技术再断裂率分别为1.4%(2/139)和4.2%(26/621)[56]。靠近关节线固定和远离关节线固定的再断裂率分别为4.8%和4.2%,两者无明显差异。

重建ACL技术要点

骨隧道是影响骺板生长最重要的因素,通常损伤超过骺板的7%就会影响其生长[61]。骨隧道的位置、角度、直径及填充物等因素均可影响骺板生长。常规的ACL重建技术必然要累及骺板组织,以骨隧道直径8mm为例,股骨远端骺板受累3.95%,胫骨近端骺板受累3.65%;骨隧道与股骨远端与胫骨近端冠状面成角分别为56.1°和71.6°;骨隧道与股骨远端与胫骨近端矢状面成角分别为85.9°和74.9°;股骨骨隧道比胫骨骨隧道更靠周缘[62]。在手术时应多方面考虑:(1)骨隧道位置:骺板周缘损伤比中心损伤更易导致生长障碍,相比胫骨骨隧道,股骨骨隧道更靠近骺板周缘,所以穿骺板技术一般都是保护股骨远端骺板而穿胫骨近端骺板。(2)骨隧道角度:相比于垂直骨隧道,水平骨隧道更易损伤生长板,骨隧道角度增加(45°~70°)会使骺板损伤减小(4.1%~3.1%)[63],骨隧道角度每增加5°,骺板损伤减小0.2%[64]。前内侧(anteromedial, AM)入路损伤骺板较经胫骨(transtibial, TT)入路更多。AM入路更可能损伤骺板超过7%而影响生长。AM入路损伤的骺板位于更外侧[65]。(3)骨隧道直径:骺板损伤超过7%会导致股骨生长障碍,骨隧道直径增加6~11mm,骺板损伤从2.3%增加到7.8%[58]。骨隧道直径每增加1mm,生长板损伤增加1.1%[66]。(4)骨隧道填充物:骺板部位应被肌腱填充以防止骨桥形成,腘绳肌肌腱移植后发生下肢长度不等和力线异常的概率比骨腱骨小45%。尽可能做到彻底冲洗骨渣,骨隧道填满肌腱,干预钉及骨性组织不置入骨隧道骺板位置,钻取更小、更垂直的骨隧道,骨隧道位于10:30或1:30方向,骨隧道尽量靠近骺板中心[39]

结语

手术治疗已成为青少年ACL损伤的主要治疗方法。由于青少年的生理特点和膝关节解剖的特殊性,手术治疗仍有医源性骨骺损伤的风险。目前已尝试在手术方式、手术操作、移植物及固定物等方面采取更为安全的措施。针对不同年龄段的青少年ACL损伤可选择不同的手术方式,但每种术式的最佳适应证、有效性及安全性尚无一致的结论。

大量临床研究表明,ACL重建术后青少年患者膝关节功能恢复效果良好,但术后仍有可能出现韧带再次断裂、韧带松弛及关节成角畸形等并发症。需要更多前瞻性研究来确定和细化与手术相关并发症的危险因素。

作者贡献声明 陈礼阳论文构思和撰写,制表,文献查阅。易诚青论文修订。刘丙立论文修订,文献查阅。

利益冲突声明 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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